Linguistic Team International Forum

When a few people started accumulating gold and other precious metals, the need for banks arouse. Putting your metal there is proved with the certificate you take home. And so an intermediate form of money in paper was created. I am guessing this is it but I didn't check the timestamp in the video. For some reason it is too slow to load here.
http://dotsub.com/view/a3bb7c17-b2c8-40ec-9df4-3ced304695b5

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The expression is actually 'party-line-toeing', as in 'toeing the party line', but 'toting' is what PJ says, and that works too.

The expression originated in sports, specifically racing and meant that one who "toes the line" is one who does not allow his foot to stray over the line. In other words, one who does not stray beyond a rigidly defined boundary.

Wikipedia defines it as "an idiomatic expression meaning... to conform to a rule or standard".

More simply put, it means to do what someone in authority tells you to do although you may not agree with it ~ Learner's Dictionary

Hope this helps.

1)
"the rest" refers to further social frameworks, but without mentioning them.
"may be" refers to back to the adjective "rationally insupportable".

Another way of saying, in this context, "...and the rest may be." is "...however rationally insupportable the other social frameworks may be."

2)
"reference" refers to having knowledge or understanding of something. To know that something exists, and to be able to relate to it in a meaningful and applicable way. If I say to you "The Earth is triangular!" you'll probably dismiss the statement as an absurdity. The same way the "self-appointed guardians of the status quo" dismisses the "solutions" PJ talks about.

Another way of saying "reference" is "frame of reference". So "...because it's far outside of their perspective/point of view..." would probably work.

3)
"...or respect for what we actually have." means respecting, or disrespecting in this context, the fact that our resources are finite.

4)
Yes, "agitate" means to "disturb", "make upset".

5)
"invention-oriented system": system obviously relates to the same system as in the other places where the word "system" appears. While "invention-oriented" could distinguish between the attitudes "This is my invention, and I'm gonna make lots of money on it." and "This is an invention that anyone can use and improve freely."

If this is accurate, invention-oriented means to put more significance in ownership and the money an invention generates, rather than putting most significance into utility and applicability.

Many inventions are created today within the context of convincing people or companies they need it. In other words, to create an invention and at the same time provoking the seeming need for it, rather than checking if there is a valid need, and then creating the invention.

"Preserved thinkers" refers to the keeping of books and documents written by "great thinkers", so that their "thoughts" wouldn't be lost to the past.

Not sure if there are any synonyms for "preserve". "Retain" is one possibility. These two phrases "to keep from being lost to the past" and "to maintain historical records of" describe how the word is used in this context.

The thoughts of the thinkers are what is being preserved.